{"abstract":"Critical minerals are essential for national security, economic stability, and supply chain resilience because they underpin key industries, drive technological innovation, and support critical infrastructure vital for a modern American economy. The United States is heavily reliant on imports of certain mineral commodities from foreign sources, some of which are at risk of serious, sustained, and long-term supply chain disruptions. The United States' dependence on imports and the vulnerability of supply chains raise the potential for risks to national security, defense readiness, price stability, and economic prosperity and resilience. The Nation possesses vast mineral resources that can create jobs, fuel prosperity, and significantly reduce our reliance on foreign nations, and the United States is taking actions to facilitate domestic mineral production. The List of Critical Minerals guides strategies to secure the Nation's mineral supply chains. By this notice, the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), presents the final 2025 List of Critical Minerals and the methodology used to develop the List. Mineral criticality changes over time and therefore this final 2025 List of Critical Minerals is not a permanent list but will be dynamic and updated not less than biannually to reflect current data on supply, demand, and concentration of production, as well as current policy priorities. The final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, which revises the final List published by the Secretary in 2022, includes the following 60 minerals: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barite, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, fluorspar, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, graphite, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, lanthanum, lead, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, metallurgical coal, neodymium, nickel, niobium, palladium, phosphate, platinum, potash, praseodymium, rhenium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, samarium, scandium, silicon, silver, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium.","action":"Notice.","agencies":[{"raw_name":"DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR","name":"Interior Department","id":253,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/interior-department","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/253","parent_id":null,"slug":"interior-department"},{"raw_name":"Geological Survey","name":"Geological Survey","id":212,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/geological-survey","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/212","parent_id":253,"slug":"geological-survey"}],"body_html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/html/2025/11/07/2025-19813.html","cfr_references":[],"citation":"90 FR 50494","comment_url":null,"comments_close_on":null,"correction_of":null,"corrections":[],"dates":null,"disposition_notes":null,"docket_ids":[],"dockets":[{"supporting_documents":[],"agency_name":"USGS","documents":[{"comment_count":0,"comment_start_date":"2025-11-06","updated_at":"2025-11-07T09:55:22.492-05:00","comment_url":"https://www.regulations.gov/commenton/USGS-2025-0039-0165","allow_late_comments":false,"id":"USGS-2025-0039-0165","comment_end_date":"2025-11-07","regulations_dot_gov_open_for_comment":false}],"supporting_documents_count":0,"id":"USGS-2025-0039","title":"USGS-E&M-2025-0004"}],"document_number":"2025-19813","effective_on":null,"end_page":50497,"executive_order_notes":null,"executive_order_number":null,"explanation":null,"full_text_xml_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2025/11/07/2025-19813.xml","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/11/07/2025-19813/final-2025-list-of-critical-minerals","images":{},"images_metadata":{},"json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2025-19813?publication_date=2025-11-07","mods_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/FR-2025-11-07/2025-19813/mods.xml","not_received_for_publication":null,"page_length":4,"page_views":{"count":23840,"last_updated":"2026-05-03 10:15:03 -0400"},"pdf_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-11-07/pdf/2025-19813.pdf","presidential_document_number":null,"proclamation_number":null,"public_inspection_pdf_url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2025-19813.pdf?1762436706","publication_date":"2025-11-07","raw_text_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/11/07/2025-19813.txt","regulation_id_number_info":{},"regulation_id_numbers":[],"regulations_dot_gov_info":{"supporting_documents":[],"comments_count":0,"agency_id":"USGS","comments_url":"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=USGS-2025-0039","supporting_documents_count":0,"docket_id":"USGS-2025-0039","document_id":"USGS-2025-0039-0165","regulation_id_number":null,"title":"USGS-E&M-2025-0004","checked_regulationsdotgov_at":"2025-11-08T18:55:04Z"},"regulations_dot_gov_url":null,"significant":null,"signing_date":null,"start_page":50494,"subtype":null,"title":"Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals","toc_doc":"Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals","toc_subject":null,"topics":[],"type":"Notice","volume":90}